Place of articulation and manner of articulation: How the sounds are produced.

 Place of articulation and manner of articulation



1. Place of Articulation:

   Place of articulation refers to the point of constriction or closure in the vocal tract where a speech sound is produced. It describes where in the mouth or throat the airflow is obstructed or modified to create a particular sound.

   Common Places of Articulation:

   

   - Bilabial:

 Sounds produced by bringing both lips together. Example: /p/, /b/ (as in "pat" and "bat").
   

   - Labiodental: 

Sounds produced by bringing the lower lip into contact with the upper teeth. Example: /f/, /v/ (as in "fish" and "very").
   

   - Dental: 

Sounds produced with the tongue against or near the teeth. Example: /θ/, /ð/ (as in "thin" and "this").
   

   - Alveolar: 

Sounds produced by placing the tongue against or near the alveolar ridge, just behind the upper front teeth. Example: /t/, /d/ (as in "top" and "dog").
   

   - Palatal: 

Sounds produced with the body of the tongue near or against the hard palate. Example: /ʃ/, /ʒ/ (as in "ship" and "measure").
   

   - Velar:

 Sounds produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate (velum). Example: /k/, /g/ (as in "cat" and "go").
   

   - Glottal:

 Sounds produced at the level of the glottis or the space between the vocal cords. Example: /h/ (as in "hat").

   Examples:

   
   - The sound /p/ in English is bilabial, as both lips come together to momentarily block the airflow before its release.
   
   - The sound /t/ in English is alveolar, as the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge just behind the upper front teeth.
   
   - The sound /k/ in English is velar, as the back of the tongue rises to touch the soft palate, creating a constriction.


2. Manner of Articulation:


   Manner of articulation refers to how the airflow is obstructed, modified, or allowed to flow through the vocal tract to produce speech sounds. It describes the way in which the speech organs (such as the lips, tongue, and vocal cords) interact to create different sound qualities.

   Common Manners of Articulation:

   

   - Plosive: 

Sounds produced by completely blocking the airflow and then releasing it abruptly. Example: /p/, /t/, /k/ (as in "pat," "top," "cat").
   

   - Fricative: 

Sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow channel, causing friction. Example: /f/, /s/, /ʃ/ (as in "fish," "so," "shoe").
   

   - Affricate:

 Sounds produced by a combination of a plosive and a fricative, involving a brief closure followed by a gradual release with friction. Example: /ʧ/, /ʤ/ (as in "church," "judge").
   

   - Nasal: 

Sounds produced with the airflow directed through the nasal cavity, with the velum lowered to allow air to pass through the nose. Example: /m/, /n/ (as in "mat," "not").
   

   - Approximant: 

Sounds produced with a narrowing of the vocal tract, but not to the extent that it causes friction. Example: /w/, /j/ (as in "we," "yes").

   
   - Lateral: 

Sounds produced with the tongue raised against the sides of the mouth, allowing air to flow over the sides of the tongue. Example: /l/ (as in "light").



   Examples:

   
   - The sound /s/ in English is a fricative, produced by forcing air through a narrow channel created by the tongue and the alveolar ridge, causing friction.
   
   - The sound /m/ in English is a nasal, produced by closing the lips and lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity.
   
   - The sound /j/ in English is an approximant, produced by bringing the tongue close to the hard palate without creating enough constriction to produce friction.

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